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Carcinoid syndrome is caused by secretion of certain harmful chemicals by carcinoid tumors. Carcinoid syndrome may occur due to infection or other related diseases, and medical or surgical treatments such as anesthesia, chemotherapy, embolization, and tumor debulking. The key symptoms of the syndrome include flushing of the skin and diarrhea, rapid heartbeat, and bronchoconstriction. If remained undiagnosed, it could lead to several complications such as weight loss, electrolyte imbalance, dehydrations, menopause, irritable bowel disease, and asthma.

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For instance, in 2009, a study by Journal of Clinical Oncology, showed 4 to 5 out of every 100,000 people are diagnosed with a neuroendocrine tumor and over 100,000 people suffering from neuroendocrine tumor in the U.S., also most individual suffering from carcinoid are asymptomatic until the tumor is fully developed. To overcome the carcinoid crisis, treatment options may considered such as surgery, chemotherapy, targeted radionuclide therapy, radiofrequency ablation, and chemoembolization on the basis of patient-by-patient. Carcinoid syndrome being a rare condition, there are very few if any treatment options available. This in turn, creates a highly lucrative opportunities for market players.

In February 2017, Lexicon Pharmaceutical Inc., announced that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Xermelo (Telotristat etiprate) as the first and only orally administered therapy for the treatment of carcinoid syndrome diarrhea in combination with somatostatin analog therapy (SSA) for adults. Xermelo mainly targets the overproduction of serotonin hormone inside mNET cells and reduces the frequency of carcinoid syndrome diarrhea. Furthermore, in 2017, Ipsen Biopharmaceutical, announced the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for a supplemental indication of Somatuline Depot (lanreotide) Injection 120 mg for the treatment of carcinoid syndrome, to reduce the frequency of short-acting somatostatin analogue rescue therapy.

However, low awareness and certain side effects associated with this therapy are expected to hinder growth of the carcinoid syndrome diarrhea treatment market.

According to the National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD), 2017, each year, only 27 individuals per million population are estimated to be diagnosed with carcinoid tumors in the U.S., amongst whom, only 10% individuals develop carcinoid syndrome. Moreover, it affects both males and females in equal number. Increasing prevalence of the disease is in turn, increasing demand for carcinoid syndrome diarrhea treatment devices. This in turn is expected to fuel growth of the carcinoid syndrome diarrhea treatment market.

Immuno-oncology involves use of patients’ immune system to fight against cancer. Immuno-oncology uses novel immunotherapies that boost the immune system of patients. These therapies target the immune system of the body instead of the tumors and enable the immune system to recognize and target cancer cells. Immuno-oncology does not affect the functioning of healthy cells as opposed to conventional therapies such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Long term response can be generated with the help of these therapies as they provide long-lasting memory to the immune system. Immune system adapts to the cancer over time and provides long term response to the cancer.

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Immuno-Oncology therapy work against a wide variety of cancer, which include non-small cell lung cancer, acute myeloid leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma, breast cancer, and others. Immuno-oncology uses different types of cell-based immune therapies such as monoclonal antibodies, immune checkpoint inhibitors, cytokine based immunotherapy, cancer vaccines, and other therapies. Depending on the functioning of these therapies they are further classified into subtypes such as radiolabeled antibodies, chemo labeled antibodies, and bispecific monoclonal antibodies. Commercially available immune-oncology therapies include Iplimumab, Nivolumab, Rituximab, Blinatumomab, Proleukin, Gardasil, and Kymriah.

Cancer treatment has become more refined with improved treatment success rate due to improved therapeutic outcomes. This has been possible due to deepened understanding of the disease pathophysiology, functioning of the tumor cells, and effective ways to tackle with the same. Immuno-oncology therapies exhibit lesser side effects as compared to conventional cancer therapies such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and others. Immuno-oncology therapy directly target the immune system of the body and does not harm healthy cells in the process, whereas, conventional therapies such as targeted therapy, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy affect cancerous as well as healthy cells extensively.

However, high cost of immuno-oncology therapies, which is unaffordable to low and middle class population is restraining growth of the market. For instance Keytruda (Pembrolizumab), a monoclonal antibody for the treatment of various types of cancer costs around US$ 2,250 for a vial of 50 mg.

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Key Vendors:

Amgen, Inc. AstraZeneca Plc, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene Corporation, Eli Lilly and Company, Merck & Co., F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Johnson & Johnson, Novartis International AG, AbbVie, Inc., Pfizer Inc., Sanofi S.A., EMD Serono, Inc., Gilead Sciences Inc., Prometheus Therapeutics & Diagnostics, Aduro BioTech, Galena Biopharma, Bavarian Nordic, Celldex Therapeutics, ImmunoCellular Therapeutics, and Incyte.